History According to ancient sources Orpheus is a native of Thrace, mysterious and distant land, where until the time of Herodotus was the existence of shamans testified that acted as an intermediary between the world of the living and the dead, with magical powers operating in the world of nature, capable of provoking a state of trance through music.
Son and the Muse Calliope Eagro Thracian king, or, in other versions of the god Apollo, belongs to the generation before the age of classical Greek religion. The
is often associated as a child or student, Museum.
He combines within itself the elements of Apollonian and Dionysian: Apollonian figure is as the child or ward of the god Apollo, who protects the remains, it is a cultural hero, benefactor of mankind, promoting human and religious teacher of the arts, as a Dionysian figure, he has a sympathetic relationship with the natural world, of intimate understanding of the cycle of decay and regeneration of nature, has an intuitive knowledge and the story itself, there are obvious similarities with the figure of Dionysus for the redemption from the hell of Kore.
Literature, on the other hand, shows the figure of Orpheus in contrast to the two gods: the loss of his beloved Eurydice would be traced in the guilt of having taken the Orpheus of the god Apollo prerogatives of control over nature through singing, back from the underworld, Orpheus abandons the worship of the god Dionysus, abandoning heterosexual love was "invented" as for the first time in the history of homosexual love. In this context, falls deeply in Calais, son of Boreas, and teaches homosexual love to the Thracians. For this reason, the Bacchae of Thrace, followers of the god, angry for no longer considered by their husbands, the assault and chop them in pieces (see: Fanocle). In the version of the myth contained in the Georgics of Virgil, the cause of his death is however to be found in the Bacchae of anger for his decision not to love any more after the death of Eurydice.
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Girl Thracian Orpheus with head of Orpheus (1865) by Gustave MoreauSecondo classical mythology, Orpheus took part in the expedition of the Argonauts: When the Argo passed near the island of the Sirens, the sailors were ensnared by their song, but Orpheus saved them singing a song even more melodious that broke the spell.
But his fame is mainly linked to the tragic love affair that saw him together with the nymph Eurydice: Aristeo, one of the many children of Apollo, Eurydice and she loved passionately, though her love was not paid, continues to address its attention until one day she, to escape him, put his foot on a snake, which killed her with his bite. Orpheus in the underworld then penetrated with enchanting Charon his music. Again with the music subsided even Cerberus, the guardian of Hades. Persephone, moved by his pain and seduced by his hand, he persuaded Hades to let Eurydice return to earth. Hades agreed, but on one condition: Orpheus, Eurydice would have preceded all the way up to the gates of Hades without ever turning back. Exactly at the threshold of the underworld, and believe they are already out of the realm of the dead, Orpheus could no longer resist the doubt and turned to see Eurydice disappear instantly and get back into the darkness for eternity. Orpheus, according to myth, since rejected the song and the joy, the Maenads offending followers of Dionysus who killed him and tore him, feed Part of his body and threw his head nell'Erebo. The head fell to the sea and from there to the island of Lesbos, where his head was buried in the sanctuary of Apollo. The body was buried by the Muses at the foot of Olympus. His lyre was instead driven into the sky, and formed a constellation.
Another version, more dramatic and moving part of the same premise: Eurydice dies killed by a snake while escaping from the clutches of Aristeo. Orfeo decides to go and shoot. So, Cuma is the descent to the underworld. Arrived there charms Charon, Cerberus and Persephone. Hades agrees as long as he does not turn around until the two are not released from the dead. Together with Hermes (which has to check that Orpheus not intended), they walk and begin the climb. Euridice, not knowing of the agreement, continues to call so melancholy Orpheus, he thinks he does not watch because it's ugly, but he, with great pain, must continue undaunted without looking back. Just saw a little 'light, Orpheus, he realizes he is released from the Underworld and turns. Unfortunately, Eurydice has accused a sore ankle bitten by the snake and, therefore, it is lingering ... So, Orpheus has violated the condition laid down by Ade. Only now understands and Eurydice, the beloved, whispering dramatic and poignant words: "Thank you, my love, you did everything you could to save me." We then give the hand, aware that this is the last time. Dramatic the presence of Hermes, with a sad face and an expression of compassion, holding a hand to Eurydice, Hades because he promised to check and what to do. Orpheus and Eurydice disappear see now is desperate because he knows that now will not see it anymore. He decides he does not require more than any woman after his Eurydice. A group of drunken Bacchae, then invites him to participate in a Dionysian orgy. To live up to what he said, waiving, and this is what also leads him to death: The Bacchae, angry, and devour him throw his head into the river Evros, with his lyre. The head falls right on the pound and floats, while singing softly. Zeus, touched affected by this event, took the lyre and puts it into the sky, forming a constellation.
Evolution of myth
"I thought at that cold, I had crossed the void and that she wore to the bone, bone, blood. It was worth it to relive again? I thought about it, and glimpsed a glimmer of day. So I said, "is over" and I turned '
(Orpheus in The inconsolable Cesare Pavese, from Dialogues with Leuco, Einaudi 1947)
Orpheus and the animals. Mosaics of Roman imperial age. Palermo, Museo archeologico.Il Orpheus myth may have arisen as a myth of fertility, as can be deduced from the evidence of the redemption of Kore from the underworld and the σπαραγμος (From the ancient greek: body torn to pieces) affected the body of Orpheus, details indicating bring life back to earth after winter.
References to myth in archaic and classical Greek literature are few, and some of the essential elements of the story and will appear only on the extensive literature on Latin America. Two authors who have dealt with the Greek Orpheus myth by offering two different versions of it are the philosopher Plato and the poet Apollonius of Rhodes.
In the speech of Phaedrus, contained in the work "Symposium," Plato, Orpheus enters the ranks of the sophists, since it uses the word to persuade, not to express truth, he is acting in the field of doxa, not episteme. For this reason, is delivered by the gods of the underworld a phasma of Eurydice, in addition, can not be counted among the ranks of lovers since its eros is false as its logos.
OrfeoLa his own death is purely anti-heroic because he wanted to subvert the laws of God entering into Hades alive, not daring to die for love. The phasma of Eurydice symbolizes the inadequacy of poetry to represent and know the reality, knowledge that can only be achieved through higher forms of eros.
Apollonius of Rhodes put the figure of Orpheus in the Argonautica presenting it as a cultural hero, the founder of a religious sect. the role attributed to Orpheus expresses vision of the poet have the Alexandrians: through their art, understood as a skillful manipulation of the word, the poet is able to give order to the matter and reality in this regard is illustrated by the episode in which Orpheus is able to quell a fight broke out among the Argonauts by singing a solo cosmogony.
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